Research methods in language and education.

Section 1 opens with reviews of two research approaches which adopt a primarily macrolevel perspective on language , society , and education : Su-chiao Chen writes on sociology of language and Seran Doggancay-Aktuna on language planning . The final review on this section is Rebecca Freeman's look at approaches and methods of research on the role of one social variable, gender,in language education . Section Two begins reviews of two research approaches which are interested in the ways that variation in language use ihnteracts with other social processes to reproduce - and contest - social inequalities and ethnic prejudices in educational settings:Stella Maris Bortoni - Ricardo reviews variationsist sociolinguistics and Tara Goldstein reviews critical pedagogy. Section Three exchanges micro fro microlinguistic , and macro for microsocial perspectives , with opening reviews of two research approaches that focus on the mutual reltionships between language , culture , and education , as reflected at the microsocial level of peoples ' behavior , activities , interaction and discourse in school , classroom , and community settings : Iffat Farah reviews the ethnography of communication and Karen Ann Watson - Gegeo reviews calssroom ethnography . Section Four moves to the microlevel of linguistic as well as social analysis , beginning with three reviews on research approaches which aim at describing and understanding the role of language in the construction of social relationships in face - to - face interaction in specific educational settings , and ultimately aim also at subverting the reproduction of inequitable relations of power in those settings.